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<p><b>New page</b></p><div><h1> Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm</h1><br />
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<p>An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a dilation (ballooning) of section of the aorta that is within the abdomen. An abdominal aortic aneurysm in most cases causes no signs of illness unless it ruptures (bursts). A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is quite often lethal. An [http://abdominalaneurysm.webs.com/ aneurisma aortico] much less than 50 mm broad has a decreased expectation of rupture. A surgical procedure to repair the aneurysm may be suggested if it is larger than 50 mm, as above this size the probability of rupture improves. Individuals 65 years old and more are to be offered a program scan to screen for abdominal aortic aneurysm.</p><br />
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<h2>What is the aorta?</h2><p>The aorta is the largest sized artery (blood vessel) in the human body. It carries blood from the heart and descends through the chest and the abdomen. Many arteries come off the aorta to supply blood to all parts of the body. At about the level of the pelvis the aorta divides into two arteries, one going to each leg.</p><br />
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<h2 >What is an aneurysm and an abdominal aortic aneurysm?</h2><p>An aneurysm is where a segment of an artery widens (balloons out). The wall of an aneurysm is weaker than a healthy artery wall. The pressure of the blood inside the artery results in the weaker section of wall to balloon.<br /><br /><div style="text-align:center><img style="width:294px;height:270px;float:left;" src="http://www.abdominalaneurysm.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/AAA.gif" alt="Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"/> <img style="width:310px;height:263px;" src="http://www.abdominalaneurysm.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm.gif" alt="Diagram showing the main arteries of the body and details of an aortic aneurysm"/></div><br /><br />Aneurysms might occur in any existing artery, but they most commonly take place in the aorta. Most aortic aneurysms take place in the segment of the aorta that moves through the abdomen. These are recognized as abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). In some cases they occur in the part going through the chest. These are known as thoracic aortic aneurysms.<br /><br />The regular dimension of the aorta in the abdomen is about 20 mm. An abdominal aortic aneurysm is said to be present if a area of the aorta within the abdomen is 30 mm or more in diameter.<br /><br />The rest of this booklet is mainly about AAAs.<br /><br />AAAs vary in sizing. As a rule, at the time you develop an AAA, it tends progressively to obtain bigger. The rate at which it becomes larger differs from person to person. However, on average, an AAA tends to get larger by around 10% every year.</p><br />
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<h2>What causes an abdominal aortic aneurysm?</h2><br />
<h3>In the majority of cases</h3><p>The actual factor why an aneurysm figures in the aorta in most cases is not well-defined. Most situations happen in older people. An AAA is exceptional in people less than the age of 60. For that reason, growing old has a significant role to play.<br /><br />The wall of the aorta normally has layers of smooth muscle, and layers built from tissues known as elastin and collagen. Elastin and collagen are powerful boosting tissues. What seems to happen is that a part of the aorta loses its standard strength and flexibility in some people as they grow older. Medical studies suggests that this is due to changes in the elastin, collagen and smooth muscle tissues. There seem to be complicated biochemical processes that trigger these changes. Some people are more prone than others to these changes.<br /><br />Your hereditary make-up performs a part, as you have a significantly higher chance of happening an AAA if one of your parents has, or had, one.<br /><br />Atheroma could additionally play a part. Atheroma is a fatty material that stores within the inside lining of arteries. Atheroma is in some cases called furring of the arteries. Most AAAs are lined with some atheroma. Anybody can develop atheroma, but it develops more usually with increasing age. Several risk factors also improve the chance of atheroma developing. They include: cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, raised cholesterol level, taking little exercise, and obesity. These are the same risk factors that increase the probability of atheroma forming in the heart (coronary) arteries, which can cause angina and heart attacks.</p><br />
<h3>In a minority of cases</h3><p>Rare triggers of AAAs include injury or infection of the aorta. As well, certain uncommon inherited conditions can influence the artery structure. In these unusual situations an aneurysm may develop at a rather young age.</p><br />
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<h2>How typical are abdominal aortic aneurysms?</h2><p>About 6 in 100 men and about 2 in 100 women over the age of 65 have an AAA. It will become more regular with growing age. However, most people with an AAA are not aware that they have one. An AAA is unusual in people under the age of 60.</p><br />
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<h2>What is the concern about an abdominal aortic aneurysm?</h2><p>The main concern is that the aneurysm might rupture (burst). The wall of the aneurysm is weaker than a natural artery wall and may not be able to stand up to the tension of blood inside. If it ruptures then severe internal bleeding occurs which is often fatal. Of course, most AAAs do not rupture - only a certain proportion (see below).</p><br />
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<h2>What are the signs of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?</h2><p>Often there are no symptoms. At the time of diagnosis, 7 in 10 people with an AAA will not have had any symptoms due to the aneurysm. The ballooning of the aneurysm does not lead to any symptoms except when it gets large enough to put tension on native structures. If signs do happen, they are likely to be mild abdominal or backside aches and pains. There are many triggers of mild abdominal and back pain. As a result, the medical diagnosis could be postponed unless the aneurysm is large enough to be sensed by a medical expert when he or she examines your abdomen.<br /><br />Sometimes small blood clots form on the inside lining of an AAA. These may break off and be carried down the aorta and block a smaller artery further on. These blood clots are called emboli and can be threatening. For example, total blockage of an artery that delivers a foot may lead to reduction of blood to part of the foot, which can cause pain in the foot and gangrene if left untreated.<br /><br />If the aneurysm does rupture then you are likely to have sudden severe abdominal and/or back pain. This is normally soon followed by crease as the internal bleeding causes a sharp drop in blood pressure.</p><br />
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<h2>How is an abdominal aortic aneurysm diagnosed?</h2><ul><li>Sometimes a medical professionsal feels the stick out of an aneurysm throughout a program checking of the abdomen. Nevertheless, many AAAs are too small to feel.</li><li>An X-ray of the abdomen (often executed for other purposes) will show calcium stores lining the wall of an AAA in a few, but not all, scenarios.</li><li>An ultrasound diagnostic scan is the easiest way to detect an AAA. This is a painless test out. It is the same kind of check out that pregnant women have to look at the baby in the womb. The size of the aneurysm can also be measured by ultrasound. As discussed later, it is important to know the size.</li><li>A more detailed scan, such as a CT scan, is sometimes done. This may be executed if your personal medical expert requires to know whether the aneurysm is influencing any of the arteries that come off the aorta. For instance, if the aneurysm entails the section of the aorta where the arteries to the kidneys branch off, surgeons need to find out this information if they plan to operate.</li></ul><br />
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<h2>What is the chance of an abdominal aortic aneurysm rupturing?</h2><p>The chance of rupture is lower if an AAA is small. As a rule, the risk of rupture grows with growing sizing. This is much like a balloon - the larger you blow it up, the greater the force, and the greater the probability it will burst open. The dimension of an AAA can be assessed by an ultrasound check out. The following gives over-all threat figures for the size (diameter) of the aneurysm:</p><ul><li>40 mm-55 mm: about a 1 in 100 chance of rupture per year.</li><li>55 mm-60 mm: about a 10 in 100 chance of rupture per year.</li><li>60 mm-69 mm: about a 15 in 100 chance of rupture per year.</li><li>70 mm-79 mm: about a 35 in 100 chance of rupture per year.</li><li>80 mm or more: about a 50 in 100 chance of rupture per year.</li></ul><p>As a rule, for any given size, the risk of rupture is increased in smokers, females, those with high blood pressure, and those with a relatives history of an AAA.</p><br />
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<h2>Should certainly everybody with an abdominal aortic aneurysm have surgery?</h2><p>The brief answer is no. Medical repair of an AAA is a significant treatment and provides dangers. A small quantity of people will die throughout, or quickly after, the surgery. If you have a small AAA, the probability of dying generated by surgery is more significant than the danger of rupture. As a result, surgery is usually not advised if you have an AAA less than 50 mm wide. However, common ultrasound scanning will normally be recommended to observe if it gets larger over time.<br /><br />Surgical procedure is normally recommended if you develop an AAA larger than 50 mm. For these larger aneurysms the chance of rupture is normally higher than the risk of surgery. In spite of this, if your common condition of health is weak, or if you have certain other medical related problems, this may increase the threat if you have surgery. For that reason, in certain situations the conclusion to operate may be a hard one.<br /><br />Urgent surgical treatment is required if an AAA ruptures. On average, about 8 in 10 people who have a ruptured aortic aneurysm will die due to the sudden critical bleeding. However, crisis surgery is lifesaving in some situations.</p><br />
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<h2>What operations are performed?</h2><p>There are two types of operative operation to repair an AAA.<br /><br />The traditional procedure is to cut out the bad piece of aorta and swap it with an man made section of artery (a graft). This is a major procedure and, as mentioned, brings some threat. Some people die during this operation. Nevertheless, it is productive in most cases and the aneurysm is totally fixed. The long-term outlook is good. The graft normally works well for the rest of your life.<br /><br />A current method allows the aorta to be repaired by a technique known as endovascular repair. This has become a popular solution in current years. In this procedure a tube is passed up from inside one of the leg arteries into the area of the aneurysm. This tube is then passed throughout the increased aneurysm and fixed to the good aorta wall applying metal clips. The advantage to this specific style of repair is that there is no abdominal surgery. This technique is therefore safer than the common procedure, and you need to have to spend less time in clinic. A negative aspect is that some persons have to undergo an additional procedure at a later stage to perfect the primary process.<br /><br />Surgery methods keep going to develop and improve. Your doctor will recommend about the pros and disadvantages of surgical procedures, the different forms of procedure, and the best method for you.</p><br />
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<h2>Other treatment options could be necessary</h2><p>If you have an AAA, you are likely to have a significant amount of atheroma that lines the artery. Therefore, you are at threat of having substantial atheroma structure in other arteries, such as the coronary (heart) arteries and brain arteries. Therefore, you are likely to be at higher risk of developing heart disease (angina, heart attack, etc) and stroke.<br /><br />In fact, most people who develop an aortic AAA do not die of the aneurysm but die from additional vascular problems, such as a heart harm or stroke.<br /><br />Therefore, you should consider doing what you can to greatly reduce the danger of these conditions by other suggests. For example:</p><ul><li>Eat a healthy diet which consists of keeping a low salt intake.</li><li>If you are able, exercise regularly.</li><li>Lose excess weight if you are over weight.</li><li>Do not smoke cigarettes.</li><li>If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation.</li><li>If you have high blood pressure, diabetes, or a high cholesterol level, they should be well controlled on treatment.</li><li>You may be prescribed a statin drug to lower your cholesterol level and low-dose aspirin to help prevent blood clots from forming.</li></ul><p>See separate leaflet called <i>'Preventing Cardiovascular Diseases'</i> for more details.</p><br />
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<h2>Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm</h2><p>Research studies propose that a routine ultrasound check is beneficial for all men aged 65. This is simply because most people with an AAA do not have symptoms. Following a routine diagnostic scan, surgery treatment can be available to men found to have an aneurysm over 50 mm wide. Follow-up scans can be offered to monitor those with smaller aneurysms.<br /><br />In early 2008, the government released that over the subsequent five years ultrasound screening would be rolled out to enable all men in England aged 65 and over to be screened. Screening is likely to begin in Scotland in 2011. Wales and Northern Ireland have yet to announce their plans. Screening for AAA is offered only to men, as the condition is much more typical in men than in women. One research shared in 2009 predicted that if all men in their 60s and 70s were screened in England then this could save nearly 2,000 lives a year. Nevertheless, there are some people who have concerns about screening for AAA; for example, see the paper by Johnson cited under 'References', below.</p></div>JendaHenton650